“Que cosa es ser negra?”: Afro-Peruvian Women’s Narratives in Black Documentaries

"Ser afroperuana" is to imagine a new nation

To be Afro-Peruvian is also to challenge exclusion and to imagine new forms of belonging within the nation. Afro-Peruvian communities have historically been marginalized within dominant narratives of Peruvian identity, often rendered invisible despite their cultural and historical contributions. Reclaiming visibility is therefore both a cultural and political act.

El quinto suyo proposes a rethinking of the nation by positioning Afro-Peruvians as a “fifth nation” within Peru. The term suyo comes from the organization of the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyo), which was divided into four regions or “suyos.” By invoking this framework, the documentary symbolically inserts Afro-Peruvians as a “fifth suyo,” challenging the historical exclusion of Black communities from dominant narratives of the nation.

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The documentary emphasizes community, collective memory, and cultural continuity as foundations for political recognition. It highlights how Afro-Peruvian identity is not only about shared history but also about ongoing struggles for inclusion, representation, and rights. Through this lens, Afro-Peruvian women emerge as key actors in imagining alternative futures. Their narratives move beyond survival to articulate visions of belonging that challenge the limits of mestizo nationalism. In doing so, they redefine what it means to be part of the nation and assert Afro-Peruvian presence as central to Peru’s past, present, and future.

El Quinto Suyo (2002)

Annotations

00:00 - 00:15

"During the Inca's system, the territory was organized into four geographical and political regions called ' suyos'. This video film refers to a conjectural 5th region that would include Afro descendants as part of Peru's history. They also have a history to tell."

The introduction provides context for the inclusion of Afro-Peruvians in the national imaginary. The introduction explains how the word "suyo" is used in the documentary to reimagine Afro-Peruvians' place in Peruvian history.

Colonial history and slavery

00:15 - 00:54

"Here we go, the congos. We came to sing here, the congos. Our dances and songs celebrating freedom,"

The song "Danza de los Congos" by Miki Gonzales references enslaved Africans and the survival of their culture in Peru.

Music and sound

00:56 - 01:06

"Slavery was the trade of a lot of intellectuals, thinkers, artisans, technicians from one continent to another."

In this testimony, Monica Carrillo recognizes the violence of slavery.

Colonial history and slavery
Testimony and oral history
Monica Carrillo

01:07 - 01:15

"Poor Black men," Nicomedes Santa Cruz's song reflects on the difficulties of Black people in accessing education.

Music and sound
Nicomedes Santa Cruz

01:16 - 01:25

"A Black could barely study in high school, maybe just elementary."

This testimony also reflects on the lack of access of Black people to education

Education and opportunities

01:40 - 01:52

" What does the human know about the experience of races? And why do races exist? If they do not know, why do some people believe they have the right to treat others badly? And why do they treat themselves the same? "

Victoria Santa Cruz asks about racial politics and how absurd the racial hierarchies could be.

Testimony and oral history
Victoria Santa Cruz
Discrimination

02:12 - 02:21

"My mom had another way of saying it. She said: If you do not have dignity, go out to the streets and find it."

In this phrase, Victoria refers to the idea of living and being treated with dignity for everyone.

Ancestral memory
Testimony and oral history
Victoria Santa Cruz

02:21 - 02:40

"The only pleasure I feel is that sometimes I am in front of people who have racialized me. And they clap for my art, and with tears in their eyes after my show, I could say that Black woman is me."

In this testimony, Eva Ayllon, a famous Afro-Peruvian singer, highlights her role as an artist challenging the racist stereotypes portrayed in her as a Black woman.

Testimony and oral history
Eva Ayllon
Self definitions

02:44 - 02:55

Victoria Santa Cruz's song "Pa gozar". The lyrics of this song say, "To enjoy the rhythm of the drums, you gotta be Black. Strong as a runway."

In this song, Victoria theorizes how rhythm could be a space to find freedom. While the visual portrays Afro-Peruvian communal practices

Music and sound
Victoria Santa Cruz
Community building

02:59 - 03:18

"From Africa, my grandmother was brought. She came with her conch. The Spaniards brought her in a boat. She was marked by fire. The carimba was her cross."

In this poem, Nicomedes talks about the connection with the African land and the violence of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade against Black women's bodies

Music and sound
Colonial history and slavery
Nicomedes Santa Cruz

03:18 - 03:23

"God, I do not think that there is a Black person who says that Africa is not our mother."

Victoria Santa Cruz reflects on the importance of Africa in Black identity.

Testimony and oral history
Victoria Santa Cruz
Self definitions

03:23 - 03:25

"Yes, I believe we have Africa as a mother.”

In this testimony, Eva Ayllon also highlighted the role of African in Afro-Peruvian identity

Testimony and oral history
Eva Ayllon
Self definitions

03:50 - 03:55

"I feel really proud to be Black. And all my life, I have loved my color. I always defend it."

This testimony by an unknown Black woman reveals her process of identity.

Testimony and oral history
Self definitions

04:07 - 05:10

Afro-Peruvian religion traditions. In this scene, the Afro-Peruvian highlights Santa Efigenia, San Martin de Porres, and El Señor de los Milagros as Black Afro-Peruvian religious traditions.

Other cultural practices

06:13 - 06:29

"The Women's issues bureau revealed in a public audience that 90% of the Peruvians are discriminated for being non-white. And, yeah, 50% that are discriminated against are women."

Susana expands on the racial issues by discussing the intersection of being Black and being a woman. Susana highlights the double oppression of Black women in Peru

Testimony and oral history
Susana Matute
Discrimination

06:36 - 06:38

Dance and performance of Afro-Peruvian culture

Dance and performances
Music and sound

06:38 - 07:00

"If we as women do not realize that if we dance in a certain way, if we laugh this other way, or if we wear those clothes, it's because our body, our energy feels like that. We cannot let the media use that as sexual tourism."

Monica reflects on intersectionality. Through this testimony, she critiques the intersection of race and gender that hypersexualizes black women and their territories.

Testimony and oral history
Monica Carrillo
Self definitions

07:03 - 07:51

"The Government has to recognize and promote through affirmative actions that there are more opportunities for Afro-Peruvians. And that is the way that the government can pay, not necessarily money. We are not asking about money. We are not even asking, we demand not a favor, we demand our rights."

This testimony by Monica Carrillo reveals a political fight for recognition and reparations.

Testimony and oral history
Monica Carrillo
Discrimination

07:51 - 07:53

"Today, I know who I am."

This phrase by Victoria Santa Cruz is recurrent in her work, especially in her poem "Me gritaron negra," where she narrates her identity journey from being called a Black woman to finding the power and strength in self-identifying as one.

Testimony and oral history
Victoria Santa Cruz
Self definitions

08:04 - 08:22

"Racism is an illness of the soul... an illness of the spirit. Racism is the most brutal expression of underdevelopment. It is torture that endures the whole life. It excludes, and it is the permanent cause of resentment, of non-integration of the group of all those who could contribute towards a better Peru."

The testimony by a Black man highlights the implications of racism.

Testimony and oral history
Discrimination

08:23 - 08:36

Afro-Peruvian music is playing in the background.

Music and sound

Project By: Pilar Caceres Cartagena
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